![]() ![]() ![]() The reason is that Tocqueville posited the “art of joining” in voluntary associations as the “fundamental science” of democracy. Students of American civil society routinely acknowledge Tocqueville’s seminal two-volume treatise Democracy in America(1835, 1840). In a subsequent post, Emma Saunders-Hastings asks whether American philanthropy today is democratic in the Tocquevillian sense, or rather, aristocratic. Here, Olivier Zunz goes into further detail on the nineteenth-century French scholar’s thoughts on associations and philanthropy. Editors’ Note: In the past weeks, HistPhil contributors such as Larry Kramer and Olivier Zunz have made mention of Alexis de Tocqueville in their respective Q&As. ![]()
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